Again, here is a slightly different approach. Unfortunately, like your solution, it is quite (very) lengthy. I have tried to make my solution as self-contained as possible. What this means is that while many of the integrals which I evaluate can be found elsewhere on this site, I just go ahead and evaluate each as they appear.
Recalling
$$-\frac{H_{2n}}{2n} = \int_0^1 x^{2n - 1} \ln (1 - x) \, dx,$$
the sum can be written as
\begin{align}
\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{H_n H_{2n}}{n^2} &= 2\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{H_n}{n} \cdot \frac{H_{2n}}{2n}\\
&= -2 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 - x)}{x} \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{H_n x^{2n}}{n} \, dx\tag1
\end{align}
Making use of the following well-known generating function for the harmonic numbers
$$\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{H_n x^n}{n} = \frac{1}{2} \ln^2 (1 - x) + \operatorname{Li}_2 (x),$$
on replacing $x$ with $x^2$ we have
$$\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{H_n x^{2n}}{n} = \frac{1}{2} \ln^2 (1 - x^2) + \operatorname{Li}_2 (x^2).$$
Substituting the above result into (1) gives
\begin{align}
\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{H_n H_{2n}}{n^2} &= - \int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 -x) \ln^2 (1 - x^2)}{x} \, dx - 2 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 - x) \operatorname{Li}_2 (x^2)}{x} \, dx\\
&= -I_1 - 2 I_2.\tag2
\end{align}
The first integral $I_1$
Since
$$\ln^2(1 - x^2) = \ln^2 (1 - x) + 2 \ln (1 - x) \ln (1 + x) + \ln^2 (1 + x),$$
the first integral can be written as
\begin{align}
I_1 &= \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 - x)}{x} \, dx + 2 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^2 (1 - x) \ln (1 + x)}{x} \, dx + \int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 - x) \ln^2 (1 + x)}{x} \, dx\\
&= I_a + 2 I_b + I_c
\end{align}
Integral $I_a$
\begin{align}
I_a &= \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 - x)}{x} \, dx}_{x \, \mapsto \, 1 - x} = \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x}{1 - x} \, dx = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{d^3}{ds^3} \left [\int_0^1 x^{n + s} \, dx \right ]_{s = 0}\\
&= \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{d^3}{ds^3} \left [\frac{1}{n + s + 1} \right ]_{s = 0} = -6 \underbrace{\sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(n + 1)^4}}_{n \, \mapsto n - 1} = -6 \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^4} = - 6 \zeta (4)
\end{align}
Integrals $I_b$ and $I_c$
Note that
$$a^2 b = \frac{1}{6} (a + b)^3 + \frac{1}{6} (a - b)^3 - \frac{1}{3} a^3,$$
and
$$ab^2 = \frac{1}{6}(a + b)^3 + \frac{1}{6}(a - b)^3 - \frac{1}{3} a^3.$$
If we set $a = \ln (1 - x)$ and $b = \ln (1 + x)$, on applying the first of the above identities we see that
\begin{align}
I_b &= \frac{1}{6} \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1- x^2)}{x} \,dx}_{x \, \mapsto \, \sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{6} \underbrace{\int_0^1 \ln \left (\frac{1 - x}{1 + x} \right ) \frac{dx}{x}}_{x \, \mapsto \, (1 - x)/(1 + x)}- \frac{1}{3} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 + x)}{x} \, dx\\
&= \frac{1}{12} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 - x)}{x} \, dx - \frac{1}{3} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x}{1 - x^2} \, dx - \frac{1}{3} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 + x)}{x} \, dx\\
&= \frac{1}{12} I_a - \frac{1}{3} I_y - \frac{1}{3} I_z,
\end{align}
while on applying the second of the above identities we see that
\begin{align}
I_c &= \frac{1}{6} \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1- x^2)}{x} \,dx}_{x \, \mapsto \, \sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{6} \underbrace{\int_0^1 \ln \left (\frac{1 - x}{1 + x} \right ) \frac{dx}{x}}_{x \, \mapsto \, (1 - x)/(1 + x)}- \frac{1}{3} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 - x)}{x} \, dx\\
&= -\frac{1}{4} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 - x)}{x} \, dx + \frac{1}{3} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x}{1 - x^2} \, dx\\
&= -\frac{1}{4} I_a + \frac{1}{3} I_y.
\end{align}
Integral $I_y$
\begin{align}
I_y &= \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x}{1 - x^2} \, dx = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{d^3}{ds^3} \left [\int_0^1 x^{2n + s} \, dx \right ]_{s = 0} = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{d^3}{ds^3} \left [\frac{1}{2n + s + 1} \right ]_{s = 0}\\
&= -6 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(2n + 1)^4} = -6 \lambda (4) = - 6 \left (1 - \frac{1}{2^4} \right ) \zeta (4) = - \frac{45}{8} \zeta (4).
\end{align}
Integral $I_z$
\begin{align}
I_z &= \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 (1 + x)}{x} \, dx}_{x \, \mapsto \, x/(x + 1)}\\
&= -\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{\ln^3 (1 - x)}{1 - x} \, dx - \underbrace{\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{\ln^3 (1 - x)}{x} \, dx}_{x \, \mapsto \, 1 - x}\\
&= \frac{1}{4} \ln^4 2 - \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^1 \frac{\ln^3 x}{1 - x} \, dx\\
&= \frac{1}{4} \ln^4 2 - \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{d^3}{ds^3} \left [\int_{\frac{1}{2}}^1 x^{n + s} \, dx \right ]_{s = 0}\\
&= \frac{1}{4} \ln^4 2 - \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{d^3}{ds^3} \left [\frac{1}{n + s + 1} \left (1 - \frac{1}{2^{n + s + 1}} \right )\right ]_{s = 0}\\
&= \frac{1}{4} \ln^4 2 - \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \left [\frac{6}{(n + 1)^4} + \frac{1}{2^{n + 1} (n + 1)^4} + \frac{\ln^3 2}{2^{n + 1} (n + 1)} + \frac{\ln^2 2}{2^{n + 1} (n + 1)^2}\right.\\
& \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \left. + \frac{\ln^2 2}{2^n (n + 1)^2} + \frac{\ln 2}{2^{n - 1} (n + 1)^3} + \frac{\ln 2}{2^n (n + 1)^3} \right ]\\
&= \frac{1}{4} \ln^4 2 + 6 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{n^4} - 6 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{2^n n^4} - \ln^3 2 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{2^n n} - 3 \ln^2 2 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{2^n n^2} + 6 \ln 2 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{2^n n^3}\\
&= -\frac{1}{4} \ln^4 2 - 6 \operatorname{Li}_4 \left (\frac{1}{2} \right ) - \frac{21}{4} \zeta (3) \ln 2 +\frac{3}{2} \zeta (2) \ln^2 2 + 6 \zeta (4).
\end{align}
Thus
$$I_b = 2 \operatorname{Li}_4 \left (\frac{1}{2} \right ) + \frac{7}{4} \zeta (3) \ln 2 - \frac{1}{2} \zeta (2) \ln^2 2 + \frac{1}{12} \ln^4 2 - \frac{5}{8} \zeta (4),$$
and
$$I_c = -\frac{3}{8} \zeta (4),$$
so that, finally
$$I_1 = 4 \operatorname{Li}_4 \left (\frac{1}{2} \right ) + \frac{7}{2} \zeta (3) \ln 2 - \zeta (2) \ln^2 2 + \frac{1}{6} \ln^4 2 - \frac{61}{8} \zeta (4).$$
The second integral $I_2$
\begin{align}
I_2 &= \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 - x) \operatorname{Li}_2 (x^2)}{x} \, dx}_{IBP}\\
&= -\zeta^2 (2) - 2 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 - x^2) \operatorname{Li}_2 (x)}{x} \, dx\\
&= -\zeta^2 (2) - 2 \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 - x) \operatorname{Li}_2 (x)}{x} \, dx}_{IBP} - 2 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 + x) \operatorname{Li}_2 (x)}{x} \, dx\\
&= -2 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln (1 + x) \operatorname{Li}_2 (x)}{x} \, dx\\
&= 2 \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n} \int_0^1 x^{n - 1} \operatorname{Li}_2 (x) \, dx\\
&= 2 \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n} \left [\frac{\zeta (2)}{n} + \frac{1}{n} \int_0^1 x^{n - 1} \ln (1 - x) \, dx \right ]\\
&= 2 \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n} \left (\frac{\zeta (2)}{n} - \frac{H_n}{n^2} \right )\\
&= 2 \zeta (2) \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n^2} - 2 \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n H_n}{n^3}
\end{align}
For the Euler sum that appears its value can be found from the following generating function
\begin{align}
\sum^\infty_{n=1}\frac{H_n}{n^3}x^n
&=2{\rm Li}_4(x)+{\rm Li}_4\left(\tfrac{x}{x-1}\right)-{\rm Li}_4(1-x)-{\rm Li}_3(x)\ln(1-z)-\frac{1}{2}{\rm Li}_2^2\left(\tfrac{x}{x-1}\right)\\
&+\frac{1}{2}{\rm Li}_2(x)\ln^2(1-x)+\frac{1}{2}{\rm Li}_2^2(x)+\frac{1}{6}\ln^4(1-x)-\frac{1}{6}\ln{x}\ln^3(1-x)\\
&+\frac{1}{2} \zeta (2) \ln^2(1-x)+\zeta(3)\ln(1-x)+\zeta (4),\tag3
\end{align}
which is proved in this answer here.
Setting $x = -1$ in (3) gives
\begin{align}
\sum^\infty_{n=1}\frac{(-1)^nH_n}{n^3}=2{\rm Li}_4\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)-\frac{11}{4} \zeta (4) + \frac{7}{4}\zeta(3)\ln{2} - \frac{1}{2} \zeta (2) \ln^2{2} + \frac{1}{12}\ln^4{2},
\end{align}
Also, as
$$\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n^2} = - \frac{1}{2} \zeta (2),$$
it follows that
$$I_2 = - 4\operatorname{Li}_4 \left (\frac{1}{2} \right ) - \frac{7}{2} \zeta (3) \ln 2 + \zeta (2) \ln^2 2 - \frac{1}{6} \ln^4 2 + 3 \zeta (4).$$
The main sum
On plugging the values for $I_1$ and $I_2$ into (2), the value for the sum becomes
$$\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{H_n H_{2n}}{n^2} = 4 \operatorname{Li}_4 \left (\frac{1}{2} \right ) + \frac{13}{8} \zeta (4) + \frac{7}{2} \zeta (3) \ln 2 - \zeta (2) \ln^2 2 + \frac{1}{6} \ln^4 2,$$
as required!