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I am receiving a lot of feedback from the recent article I published on Arxiv, whose first part was originally presented here as an answer to a question of John Campbell. About that, today Steven Finch asked me if it is possible to evaluate in terms of a nice closed form

$$\begin{eqnarray*} \phantom{}_4 F_3\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},1,1;\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2};1\right)&=&\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{4^n}{(2n+1)^3 {\binom{2n}{n}}}\\&=&\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{4^n B(n+1,n+1)}{(2n+1)^2}\\&=&\int_{0}^{1}\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{(1-x^2)^n}{(2n+1)^2}\,dx\\&=&\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{\sin^{2n+1}\theta}{(2n+1)^2}\,d\theta\\&=&\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\text{Li}_2(x)-\text{Li}_2(-x)}{2\sqrt{1-x^2}}\,dx\\&=&\frac{\pi^3}{16}-\color{blue}{\int_{0}^{1}\text{arctanh}(x)\arcsin(x)\frac{dx}{x}}.\end{eqnarray*}$$

I would really like to help him, and I invoke your help too. I am still struggling to find an efficient approach for dealing with the blue integral. Fourier-Chebyshev or Fourier-Legendre series expansions seem promising, and the Lemma

$$ \int_{0}^{1}\text{arctanh}^s(x)\,dx = \frac{2\zeta(s)(2^s-2)\Gamma(s+1)}{4^s} \tag{Lemma}$$ (proved at page 81 here) might be relevant too. It is important to mention that John Campbell himself recently dealt with the similar integrals $$\int_{0}^{1}\arcsin(x)\log(x)\,dx =2-\frac{\pi}{2}-\log 2,\\ \int_{0}^{1}\arcsin(x)\log(x)\frac{dx}{x}=-\frac{\pi^3}{48}-\frac{\pi}{4}\log^2(2),\tag{SimInt} $$ but something seems to suddenly stop working if $\log(x)$ is replaced by $\log(1\pm x)$.

Addendum (thanks to Tolaso J Kos): the integral $\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\text{Li}_2(x)}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\,dx$ has been proved to be depending on the imaginary part of a trilogarithm by Vladimir Reshetnikov, here. By following his technique verbatim, I got

$$ \phantom{}_4 F_3\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},1,1;\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2};1\right)=\color{blue}{\frac{3\pi^3}{16}+\frac{\pi}{4}\log^2(2)-4\,\text{Im}\,\text{Li}_3(1+i)}$$

and I guess that settles the question.
In terms of an absolutely convergent series, the RHS of the last line equals

$$ -\frac{\pi^3}{32}-\frac{\pi}{8}\log^2(2)+4\sum_{n\geq 1}\frac{\sin(\pi n/4)}{n^3 \sqrt{2}^n}. $$

This can probably be seen as an instance of an acceleration technique for the series $\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{4^n}{(2n+1)^3\binom{2n}{n}}$, whose general term roughly behaves like $\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{8}\cdot\frac{1}{n^{5/2}}$.

Jack D'Aurizio
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  • So is the question the one in the title or the lemma? – Simply Beautiful Art Aug 16 '17 at 21:34
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    The question is about the closed form of $$\int_{0}^{1}\arcsin(x)\text{arctanh}(x)\frac{dx}{x}.$$ The remaining part is context/attempts. – Jack D'Aurizio Aug 16 '17 at 21:36
  • @JackD'Aurizio I would not be surprised if that $\int_{0}^{1}\arcsin(x)\text{arctanh}(x)\frac{dx}{x}$ involves something of imaginary parts of polylogs. ${\rm Li}_3$ perhaps? – Tolaso Aug 16 '17 at 21:50
  • An obvious question, which you probably have considered: Does using $atanh(x) = \frac12\ln(\frac{1+x}{1-x})$ help? – marty cohen Aug 17 '17 at 00:08
  • @martycohen: of course, it is part of following Vladimir's approach verbatim. Such identity leads to the fact that the $\phantom{}_4 F_3$ considered here just depends on Vladimir's $I_2$. – Jack D'Aurizio Aug 17 '17 at 00:10
  • Via series method and a few unproven steps my conjecture is that $$\int_{0}^{1}\arcsin(x)\text{arctanh}(x)\frac{dx}{x}=\frac{\pi}{2} \log(2)^2+\frac{1}{2} \sum_0^\infty\frac{\binom{2n}{n}H_n}{2^{2n}(2n+1)^2}$$ where $H_n$ is the Harmonic Number. That enough for tonight. – James Arathoon Aug 17 '17 at 01:22
  • @JamesArathoon: that looks very reasonable at first sight, you are welcome to elaborate. – Jack D'Aurizio Aug 17 '17 at 01:24
  • Article of Mitsuo Kato (2008): https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fesi/51/2/51_2_221/_pdf – FDP Aug 17 '17 at 05:35

1 Answers1

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This is not an answer to the main question, which has been solved through the pointers provided by Tolaso and others. Instead, let us prove James Arathoon conjecture in the comments. I have the strong feeling this thread might be an interesting starting point for studying "twisted" Euler sums and the interplay between $\text{Li}_{\color{red}{3}}$ and $\phantom{}_4 F_3$.
It is well-know (and not difficult to prove) that for any $x\in(-1,1)$ $$\arcsin(x)=\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{\binom{2n}{n}}{4^n(2n+1)}x^{2n+1}\tag{ArcSin}$$ and the following identity holds for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$: $$ \int_{0}^{1} x^{2n}\text{arctanh}(x)\,dx = \frac{H_n+2\log 2}{4n+2}\tag{ArcTanh}$$ as a simple consequence of integration by parts:

$$\begin{eqnarray*} \int_{0}^{1} x^{2n}\text{arctanh}(x)\,dx &=& \left[\frac{x^{2n+1}-1}{2n+1}\text{arctanh}(x)\right]_{0}^{1}+\frac{1}{2n+1}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{x^{2n+1}-1}{x^2-1}\,dx\\&=&\frac{1}{2n+1}\int_{0}^{1}\left(\frac{x^{2n+1}-x}{x^2-1}+\frac{1}{x+1}\right)\,dx\\&=&\frac{1}{2n+1}\left(\log 2+\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{z^n-1}{z-1}\,dz\right)=\frac{\log 2+\frac{H_n}{2}}{2n+1}.\end{eqnarray*}$$ By combining $(\text{ArcSin})$ and $(\text{ArcTanh})$ we have $$ \int_{0}^{1}\arcsin(x)\text{arctanh}(x)\frac{dx}{x}=\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{\binom{2n}{n}}{4^n(2n+1)^2}\left(\log 2+\frac{H_n}{2}\right)$$ and James Arathoon's conjecture is proved by computing $$\begin{eqnarray*} \sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{\binom{2n}{n}}{4^n(2n+1)^2}&=&\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\arcsin(x)}{x}\,dx=\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\theta\cot\theta\,d\theta\\&\stackrel{\text{IBP}}{=}&\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\log\cos\theta\,d\theta = \frac{\pi\log 2}{2}.\end{eqnarray*}$$ This proves:

$$\begin{eqnarray*}\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{\binom{2n}{n}H_n}{4^n(2n+1)^2}&=&2\int_{0}^{1}\arcsin(x)\text{arctanh}(x)\frac{dx}{x}-\pi\log^2(2)\\&=&\frac{\pi^3}{8}-\pi\log^2(2)-2\cdot\phantom{}_4 F_3\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},1,1;\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2};1\right)\\&=&-\frac{\pi^3}{4}-\frac{3\pi}{2}\log^2(2)+8\,\text{Im}\,\text{Li}_3(1+i)\\&=&\frac{3\pi^3}{16}-\frac{3\pi}{4}\log^2(2)-8\sum_{n\geq 1}\frac{\sin(\pi n/4)}{n^3\sqrt{2}^n}.\end{eqnarray*}$$


Just in order to keep collecting interesting material, I would like to mention that in this thread by Markus Scheuer it is shown that $\frac{1}{2k+1}$ is the binomial transform of $\frac{4^k}{(2k+1)\binom{2k}{k}}$ and $\frac{1}{2k+3}$ is the binomial transform of $\frac{4^k}{(2k+1)(2k+3)\binom{2k}{k}}$. That might be a useful lemma for dealing with values of $\phantom{}_4 F_3$ whose associated series contains terms of such form or their squares.


This thread contains other interesting informations about the interplay between $\text{Li}_3$ and the value of $\phantom{}_4 F_3$ mentioned in the above question.

Jack D'Aurizio
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  • Great I'm glad that worked out. What do mean by "twisted" Euler Sum? – James Arathoon Aug 17 '17 at 18:15
  • @JamesArathoon: we usually consider objects like $\sum_{n\geq 1}\frac{H_n}{n^s}$, here we consider objects like $\sum_{n\geq 1}\frac{\binom{2n}{n}H_n}{4^n n^s}$ or $\sum_{n\geq 1}\frac{4^n H_n}{\binom{2n}{n}n^s}$. – Jack D'Aurizio Aug 17 '17 at 18:18
  • Only a note: To complete your nice calculations we can use the Lerch-Hurwitz Zeta function (Lerch transcendet) ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerch_zeta_function ) to get $ \enspace\displaystyle \sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\sin(\pi n/4)}{n^3 \sqrt{2}^n} =$$\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\cdot 4^3}\Phi(-\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},3) + \frac{1}{2\cdot 4^3}\Phi(-\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{2},3) + \frac{1}{4^4}\Phi(-\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4},3) $ . – user90369 Aug 18 '17 at 13:07