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I was reading this answer and was shocked by reading that "There is a possibility that ZFC, the formal system that sounds like it's what mathematicians work in (but isn't really)" I cannot believe that mathematicians do not (necessarily) work in ZFC.

Crossley, Ash, et al.'s book 'What Is Mathematical Logic? ' says Mathematics=Logic+Set Theory , so I think that first-order logic combined with ZFC creates foundation strong enough for mathematics : is it true? If not what forms foundation of mathematics?

Also, if ZFC is not we are working in, why undergrad texts start with mentioning ZFC?

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Silent
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    We work with ZFC, we just ignore the formalities most of the time because they are cumbersome – Zelos Malum Sep 23 '16 at 02:54
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    There are different meanings of "foundation", like: single language used by all math theories, single theory (set of axioms) able to prove all math theorems. – Mauro ALLEGRANZA Sep 26 '16 at 09:10

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There is a common misunderstanding about the relation between ordinary mathematics and its foundations, which is manifested by the use of such expressions as "mathematicians 'work in' this or that foundations."

Mathematicians do not necessarily "work in" any foundations; ordinary mathematics actually has greater degree of self-evidence than its foundations.

To illustrate the point, let's take navigation for example: enter image description here Mathematics to its various foundations is like your current location to the landmarks towards which you shoot your azimuths. Any two landmarks suffice to determine the latitude and longitude of your location, but different sets of landmarks do not change the latitude and longitude of your location. And most people go about their daily business without ever knowing their lat and long.

To show that a set of axioms is a valid foundation of mathematics, one only needs to deduce from this set of axioms ordinary mathematics.

Is ZFC fundamental? Not in my opinion, but this question is contentious. You can say the Renaissance started this modern age, but the causal chain can be traced further back: the Greeks in antiquity transmitted something very useful into the future; Renaissance men received this signal and responded.

Along the chain of deductions, Whitehead and Russell traced much further back than ZFC. Because formalists do not care about meanings, Gödel sentence is a big deal to formalists. To logicists, meaning is fundamental and is very important; Gödel's sentence has no meanings and thus presents no challenge to logicism.

When I was in school, dialectical materialism was taught as a matter of fact. Nowadays I don't automatically assume that everything taught in school is worth my time.

For more information, take a look at Hisotry of predicate logic

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George Chen
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    Speaking of dialectical materialism, have you seen Bertrand Russell's essay on why Communism should be considered a religion? – DanielWainfleet Oct 18 '16 at 20:34
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Mathematicians generally work in set theory, yes... But that need not mean ZFC. In fact, mathematicians speak in second-order language, which is outside the first-order rules of ZFC. So in that sense, they are outside of ZFC.

For number theory, mathematicians may care that $\mathbb Z$ and $\mathfrak{P}(\mathbb Z)$ exist, but do not care whether or not $\mathfrak{P}(\mathfrak{P}(\mathfrak{P}(\mathbb Z)))$ exists. So in that sense they are using only a small fragment of the sets of ZFC.

GEdgar
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  • Could you expand the part starting with "but does not care..."? – Santiago Sep 29 '16 at 13:21
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    Look in the text of Hardy and Wright. You will find mentions integers and of sets of integers. You will find real and complex numbers (which may be considered $\mathfrak{P} (\mathbb Z)$ essentially). Perhaps even sets of reals, or functions of reals. But that's it. – GEdgar Sep 29 '16 at 13:25
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    Part of the "in set theory" is in order to interpret the second-order logic as a first-order statement about sets. That is one of the appeals of using ZFC as a foundation. Since ZFC is a first-order theory which is recursively axiomatizable, we can verify if something is a proof in ZFC. In contrast, second order logic is not recursively axiomatizable, so we cannot even check if a statement is logically valid. – Asaf Karagila Sep 29 '16 at 13:47