Just like how in HTML you would use $
to display a dollar character ($), do Android emoji have some sort of code that I could type in a text field (and if the app supports emoji it will display it), rather than browsing through the list of all emoji?

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2 Answers
Yes
There are Unicode character codes for standard emojis. There's a complete list available here, but some common ones include U+1F601
, which is . The actual representation of the emoji might differ across platforms though, as seen below.
Additionally, simply entering the Unicode codes into the app might not necessarily display the character since it assumes you want to enter the literal code and not the emoji representation.
Several services including Telegram, WhatsApp, Slack, GitHub, etc do allow for this fortunately, through a different list of character codes, such as :smile:
for . Again there's a complete list available here.
As an alternative, consider using a keyboard app that offers emoji as suggestions when typing (as well as words).
Swype is one keyboard that does this. If you type "dog" you get various word suggestions, but also the dog emoji. Very handy. A few of the images in the Play Store (links below) show examples of this.
It is a paid app, with a free trial version.
Sadly, Swype is being discontinued by Nuance.
Google's Gboard claims to offer emoji suggestions, but it mostly does not work for me, nor it seems for many others. It does also offer direct emoji search-by-text, but you have to enter text in its emoji search box, rather than it reacting to text as you type (which is what suggestions is supposed to do, but often doesn't).

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U+1F601
smiley and:smile
are not visible to me. Instead a vertical box is displayed. – Lucky Jul 21 '15 at 11:22