In order to show that, for example $Z[i]/(2-i)\cong Z/5Z$ or $Z[i]/(4-i)\cong Z/17Z$, is there any solution that explicitly constructs a homomorphism between the two sets, establishes that it is a homomorphism, and then shows that it is both injective and surjective? The related threads on this sight invoke the first isomorphism theorem, so I was wondering if there is anything more elementary.
Can you do the same to prove the more general result that $Z[i]/(a+bi)\cong Z/N(a+bi)Z$ for $(a,b)=1$?