I've found many books which treats of the theoretical and conceptual part of the mathematical demonstration, but now I'm searching for a book with a plenty of demonstration of mathematical proofs. Almost a "mathematical demonstration cookbook", with all sorts of solutions of problems like:
prove that $10^n > n$, for every $n \geq 1$.
Anyone know something like it? Thanks in advance.
Discrete mathematics, on the other hand, is a very big chunk of mathematics. Although some high schools have courses labeled "discrete mathematics" which is usually geared towards weaker students, discrete mathematics certainly is not "for dummies". Both number theory and combinatorics are within the purview of discrete mathematics. For books on these topics, see the last two books on my list. A book like How to Think Like a Mathematician or How to Prove It would prepare you well for these.
– Gamma Function Mar 02 '14 at 16:08