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Let $n = p_1^{a_1}p_2^{a_2}\cdots p_m^{a_m}$ be the prime factorization of $n$ and let $f(n) = a_1 a_2 \cdots a_m$. Using a heuristic argument I am able to show that the mean value of $\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n}\sum_{k = 1}^n f(k)$ is close to

$$ \bigg(2 - \frac{1}{\zeta(2)}\bigg)\bigg(N_c + \frac{1}{\zeta(2)} - \frac{2}{\zeta(3)}\bigg) - \frac{1}{\zeta(2)} + \frac{2}{\zeta(3)} \approx 1.95979 $$

where $N_c \approx 1.7052$ is the Niven's constant. Experimental data seems to be consistent with this heuristics. For $n = 10^6$, the mean is $1.9406$ while for $n = 1.42 \times 10^{10}$, the mean increased slightly to $1.94357$.

Question: What is the limiting value of the mean? Is there a closed form for the mean of $f(n)$?

Eric Naslund
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    What do you mean by a closed form of $f(n)$? The form in which you define it is already quite simple; what sort of other form are you looking for? Also, why are those two questions combined in Question $1$? They don't seem to be related. Perhaps you meant to ask about a closed form of the mean of $f(n)$? – joriki Mar 08 '23 at 13:24
  • @joriki Yes meant the closed form for the mean of $f(n)$. – Nilotpal Sinha Mar 08 '23 at 13:42

2 Answers2

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Let $h$ be a multiplicative function defined by $h(p^k)=k$ for all prime powers $p^k$. Then you are trying to calculate the mean value of $h$, and we have that:

Theorem: $$\sum_{n\leq x} h(n)=x\frac{\zeta(3)\zeta(2)}{\zeta(6)} + O\left(\sqrt{x}\right),$$ where $\zeta$ is the Riemann zeta function and where the error term uses Big-O notation, meaning it is at most $C\sqrt{x}$ for some constant $C>0$.

This can be done using the general method in this answer: On the mean value of a multiplicative function: Prove that $\sum\limits_{n\leq x} \frac{n}{\phi(n)} =O(x) $

The idea is that since $h$ is "very close" to $1$, $f=\mu*h$ will be very close to zero, where $\mu$ is the Mobius mu function, and $*$ represents Dirichlet convolution. In particular, computing the Mobius inversion, we have $f(p)=0$, $f(p^k)=1$ for $k\geq 2$, and $(1*f)=h$.

From the method in the above answer, we have

$$\sum_{n\leq x} h(n)=\sum_{n\leq x} (1*f)(n)=\sum_{n\leq x}\sum_{d|n}f(d)=\sum_{d\leq x} f(d)\left[\frac{x}{d}\right]$$ and using $[z]=z+O(1)$ this is $$=x\sum_{d\leq x} \frac{f(d)}{d}+O\left(\sum_{d\leq x} |f(d)|\right).$$

Thus it follows that

$$\sum_{n\leq x} h(n) = x\sum_{d}\frac{f(d)}{d}+O(\sqrt{x}),$$ and hence the mean value is $$\sum_{d}\frac{f(d)}{d} = \prod_{p}\left(1+\frac{1}{p(p-1)}\right)$$

where the final form is an Euler-product. The Euler product can be rearranged as $$\prod_{p}\left(1+\frac{1}{p(p-1)}\right)=\prod_{p}\left(\frac{p^{2}-p+1}{p(p-1)}\right)$$ $$=\prod_{p}\left(\frac{p^{2}-p+1}{p(p-1)}\right)=\prod_{p}\left(\frac{p^{6}-1}{p(p^{2}-1)(p^{3}-1)}\right)=\frac{\zeta(3)\zeta(2)}{\zeta(6)}.$$


See also this list of similar questions using the same technique:

Eric Naslund
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I think the limit would be (1 + 1/p^2 + 1/p^3 …) multiplied over all primes. The sum is 1+1/p(p-1), and this needs multiplying over all primes. (1+1/2)(1+1/6)(1+1/20)(1+1/42)…

This seems rather close to your result.

gnasher729
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    Can you please add how you deduced that? – Nilotpal Sinha Mar 08 '23 at 14:15
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    $\prod_p \big(1 + \frac{1}{p(p-1)}\big) = \frac{\zeta(2)\zeta(3)}{\zeta(6)} \approx 1.943596$ is the Landau Totient constant https://mathoverflow.net/questions/368424/a-number-similar-to-landaus-totient-constant – Nilotpal Sinha Mar 09 '23 at 04:09