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Let $k$ be a field and $\bar{k}/k$ be an algebraic closure of $k$. Let $k'$ be a finitely generated $k$-algebra, which is a subalgebra of $\bar{k}$. Is it true that $k'$ is a finite field extension of $k$?

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Yes. $k'$ is finitely generated and integral over $k$, hence finite over $k$ (Stacks/02JJ). It is then a finite-dimensional $k$-vector space and an integral domain, hence a field (Stacks/00GS).