I have an exercise that explicitly asks for the indefinite integral of the following equation using integral by parts.
$$
\int\ln(1-x)\,dx
$$
I tried to define: $ u = \ln(1-x) $ so,
$$
\frac{\,du}{\,dx} = \frac{-1}{1-x}\\
\,du = \frac{-\,dx}{1-x}
$$
and, $ \,dv = \,dx $ resulting in $ v = x $ and finally applying: $ \int{u\,dv} = uv - \int{v\,du} $
$$
\begin{align}
\int\ln(1-x)\,dx&= x \ln(1-x) -\int x \, \frac{-\,dx}{1-x}\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - \int \frac{-x}{1-x} \,dx\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - \int \frac{1-x-1}{1-x} \,dx\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - \int \left(\frac{1-x}{1-x} - \frac{1}{1-x} \right)\,dx\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - \int \left(1 - \frac{1}{1-x} \right)\,dx\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - \left(\int{1\,dx} - \int{\frac{1}{1-x}}\,dx\right)\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - x -\left(- \int{\frac{1}{1-x}}\,dx\right)\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - x + \int{\frac{1}{1-x}}\,dx\\
&=x\ln(1-x) - x + \ln(1-x) + c\\
&=(x + 1)\ln(1-x) - x + c
\end{align}
$$
that does not match the answer in the book:
$(x - 1)\ln(1-x) - x + c$
I have found this other solution that I believe is not valid considering that the exercise asks to utilize integral by parts.
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Clyde Kertzer
- 2,904
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4You fumbled near the end: $\int\frac{dx}{1-x}=-\ln(1-x)+C$ (substitute $t=1-x$ if it's not obvious). (OK, I'm lying slightly.) – J.G. Dec 10 '22 at 20:15
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How do you go from the third row from the bottom to the second row from the bottom? – sas Dec 10 '22 at 20:16
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@J.G. Yes, it was not obvious, thanks. – Henrique Hott Dec 10 '22 at 20:51
2 Answers
1
Your steps all ALL correct except the last second step as @J.G. said.
On the other hand, using integration by parts wisely, we get $$ \begin{aligned} \int \ln (1-x) d x & =-\int \ln (1-x) d(1-x) \\ & =(1-x) \ln (1-x)+\int(1-x) \frac{1}{1-x} d x \\ & =(1-x) \ln (1-x)+x+C \end{aligned} $$

Lai
- 20,421
0
The mistake was to consider that $\int{\frac{\,dx}{1-x}}$ is simply $\ln(1-x)$ when the correct path of continuing is using the substitution method resulting in $-\ln(1 - x) + c$:
$ t = x - 1 $
$ \frac{\,dt}{\,dx} = -1$
$ \,dt = -\,dx$
$ \,dx = -\,dt$
$$
\int{\frac{-\,dt}{t}} = -1\int{\frac{\,dt}{t}} = -1\ln(1-x) + c
$$

Тyma Gaidash
- 12,081