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Consider the Galois extension $K:=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3, \sqrt{(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)})/\mathbb{Q}$. As it is clear, it is of degree $8$ extension. So the Galois group is a group of order $8$. I want to identify the Galois group and want to draw its lattice diagram.

For the first glance, it seems the following is the lattice diagram.

enter image description here

But I think I am missing some $i=\sqrt{-1}$ in the whole picture. We note the Galois group of the subextension $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)/\mathbb{Q}$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2$ with the following lattice diagram:

enter image description here

I think the Galois group of $K/\mathbb{Q}$ is not abelian. For, the conjugates of $\alpha=\sqrt{(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)}$ are $\pm \sqrt{(2\pm\sqrt 2)(3\pm\sqrt 3)}$. We have the following $8$ automorphisms: $$\sqrt{(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)} \to \pm \sqrt{(2\pm\sqrt 2)(3\pm\sqrt 3)}$$ Denote $\beta=\sqrt{(2+\sqrt 2)(3-\sqrt 3)}$ , $\gamma=\sqrt{(2-\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)}$. Let $\tau, \eta$ be two automorphisms in the Galois group with \begin{align*} &\tau(\alpha)=\beta,~~ \sqrt 2 \mapsto \sqrt 2,~~ \sqrt 3 \mapsto -\sqrt 3 \\ &\eta(\alpha)=\gamma, ~~ \sqrt 2 \mapsto \sqrt -2,~~ \sqrt 3 \mapsto \sqrt 3 \end{align*} Then $\tau \circ \eta \neq \eta \circ \tau$.

So either the Galois group is $D_4$ or $Q_8$. According to the first diagram shows one subgroup of order $4$ corresponding to $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)$ while $D_4$ has $3$ subgroups of order $4$. So the Galois group is $Q_8$, I think.

But I am missing something.

How to find help the Galois group and its lattice diagram ?

Edit: Though in my question, I presumed that $K/\mathbb{Q}$ was Galois and so didn't think much about whether $\alpha \notin \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)$. I primarily thought that the Newton polygon of $x^2-\alpha^2$ has a single segment and hence irreducible. But it is not so obvious.

However, I believe $(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)$ is not square in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)$. For if, let $(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)=k^2$ for some $k \in \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)$, then $\alpha^2=k^2$. We know $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)/\mathbb{Q}$ is Galois, hence the automorphism $\eta \in \text{Gal}\left(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)/\mathbb{Q} \right)$ mentioned above. Therefore $\eta(\sqrt 2)=-\sqrt 2$ and $\eta(\sqrt 3)=\sqrt 3$. Now, \begin{align} \alpha^2 \eta(\alpha^2)=(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3) (\eta(\alpha))^2=2(3+\sqrt 3)^2, \ \cdots \cdots \cdots (1) \end{align}
On the other hand, since $k \in \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)$ it has the basis expansion $k=a+b \sqrt 2+c \sqrt 3+d \sqrt 6$ for $a,b,c,d \in \mathbb{Q}$. Then \begin{align} k~ \eta(k)&=(a+b \sqrt 2+c \sqrt 3+d \sqrt d)(a-b \sqrt 2+c \sqrt 3-d \sqrt 6) \\&=(a^2-2b^2)+(3c^2-6d^2)+2 \sqrt 3 ac-4 \sqrt 3 bd \in \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 3) \\ \Rightarrow k~\eta(k) & \in \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 3), \ \ \cdots \cdots (2) \end{align} From $(1)$ and $(2)$, we have $\sqrt 2 \in \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 3)$, which is a contradiction.

Thus $(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)$ is not square in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)$.

MAS
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    I'm not sure how you could be missing any $i$s in the picture — all of the conjugates $\pm\sqrt{(2\pm\sqrt{2})(3\pm\sqrt{3})}$ certainly look real to me? – Steven Stadnicki May 12 '22 at 14:46
  • $Q_8$ has only a single subgroup of order two, but $D_4$ has three. Correspondingly there will be either a single intermediate field of degree $8/2=4$ or three of them. – Jyrki Lahtonen May 12 '22 at 14:49
  • @JyrkiLahtonen, so it is $Q_8$. – MAS May 12 '22 at 15:34
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    For reference, this is Number field 8.8.12230590464.1 in the LMFDB. – Daniel Hast May 12 '22 at 17:01
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    An alternative argument may be to observe that in $D_4$ the two elements of order four are each others inverses. I take it that you proved both $\tau$ and $\eta$ to have order four? – Jyrki Lahtonen May 20 '22 at 11:41
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    Collecting past threads about this field 1, 2, 3, 4. – Jyrki Lahtonen May 22 '22 at 05:31
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    @JyrkiLahtonen, thank you for attaching all $4$ helpful posts – MAS May 22 '22 at 05:48
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    No problem. This field is relatively famous in that it appears in a number of textbooks and has propagated from there. It is suprisingly tricky to prove that $\sqrt{(2+\sqrt2)(3+\sqrt3)}$ is not an element of $\Bbb{Q}(\sqrt2,\sqrt3)$. How did you do that? I quite like Jack D'Aurizio's solution (one of the answers in link number 4), but would prefer a more elementart one. – Jyrki Lahtonen May 22 '22 at 05:52
  • @JyrkiLahtonen, sorry. I did not thought much whether $(2+\sqrt 2)(3+\sqrt 3)$ belong to $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2, \sqrt 3)$ or not, because I presumed in my question that the extension $K/\mathbb{Q}$ is Galois. Anyway, I have gathered some facts, please see my edited question – MAS May 22 '22 at 10:25

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