The answers says
"According to Fermat's little theorem, $12^{16} \equiv 1 \pmod{17}$."
My question: Why is $12^{16}$ interesting? How do we get $12^{16}$ from $12^{12^{12}}$?
The answers then say
"Therefore we calculate $12^{12} = 144^{6} \equiv 0^6 \pmod{16} = 0$.
My question: Why $12^{12}$? Why $\mod{16}$?