This is a solution to Exercise 3.10 in Atiyah-MacDonald,
(i) If $A$ is absolutely flat and $S$ is any multiplicatively closed subset of $A$, then $S^{-1}A$ is absolutely flat.
(ii) $A$ is absolutely flat$\iff$$A_\mathfrak{m}$ is a field for each maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$.
(i) Suppose first that $A$ is absolutely flat. Note first that, for an $S^{-1}A$-module $M$, we have $$M \cong S^{-1}A \otimes_{S^{-1}A} M \cong (S^{-1}A \otimes_A S^{-1}A) \otimes_{S^{-1}A} M \cong S^{-1}A \otimes_A M \cong S^{-1}M.$$ In particular, if $$0 \longrightarrow M' \longrightarrow M \longrightarrow M'' \longrightarrow 0$$ is any short exact sequence of $S^{-1}A$-modules, then the exactness of the tensored sequence $$0 \longrightarrow M' \otimes_{S^{-1}A} N \longrightarrow M \otimes_{S^{-1}A} N \longrightarrow M'' \otimes_{S^{-1}A}N \longrightarrow 0,$$ where $N$ is any $S^{-1}A$-module, follows from the exactness of $$0 \longrightarrow S^{-1}M' \otimes_{S^{-1}A} S^{-1}N \longrightarrow S^{-1}M \otimes_{S^{-1}A} S^{-1}N \longrightarrow S^{-1}M'' \otimes_{S^{-1}A}S^{-1}N \longrightarrow 0,$$ which is equivalent to the exactness of $$0 \longrightarrow S^{-1 }(M' \otimes_A N) \longrightarrow S^{-1}(M \otimes_A N) \longrightarrow S^{-1}(M'' \otimes_A N) \longrightarrow 0. $$ But this is obviously true, since $S^{-1}$ is an exact operation and $A$ is absolutely flat. Thus, $N$ is a flat $S^{-1}A$-module and hence $S^{-1}A$ is absolutely flat.
(ii) Suppose first that $A$ is absolutely flat, and let $\mathfrak{m}$ be a maximal ideal of $A$. Let $\mathfrak{p}$ be the maximal ideal of the local ring $A_\mathfrak{m}$, and denote $k = A_\mathfrak{m}/\mathfrak{p}$ as the residue field. Since $A_\mathfrak{m}$ is absolutely flat by (i), $k$ is flat as an $A_\mathfrak{m}$-module. In particular, if we tensor the exact sequence $$0 \longrightarrow (x) \longrightarrow A_\mathfrak{m} \longrightarrow A_\mathfrak{m}/(x) \longrightarrow 0$$ by $k$ (as $A_\mathfrak{m}$-modules), where $x \in \mathfrak{p}$, we obtain the short exact sequence $$0 \longrightarrow (x)/\mathfrak{p}(x) \longrightarrow k \longrightarrow k \longrightarrow 0.$$ Each element in the sequence below as a $k$-vector space; in particular, $k$ is finite-dimensional as a $k$-vector space, so the surjectivity of the final map $k \to k$ also implies injectivity and the final map is thus an isomorphism. This implies $(x)/\mathfrak{p}(x) = 0$, so $(x) = \mathfrak{p}(x)$. By Nakayama's Lemma, $(x) = 0$. Since $x \in \mathfrak{p}$ was arbitrary, $\mathfrak{p} = 0$ and thus $A_\mathfrak{m}$ is a field.
Conversely, suppose $A_\mathfrak{m}$ is a field for each maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$, and let $M$ be any $A$-module. Then $M_\mathfrak{m}$ is an $A_\mathfrak{m}$-vector space for every maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$, thus a free $A_\mathfrak{m}$-module, and hence a flat $A_\mathfrak{m}$-module. Thus, $M_\mathfrak{m}$ is a flat $A_\mathfrak{m}$-module for all maximal ideals $\mathfrak{m}$, which implies the flatness of $M$. Thus, $A$ is absolutely flat.
Is this proof correct? I ask because many parts of the proof involve computing tensor products and using the alternate algebraic structures of a particular mathematical object, which I'm not confident about and always queasy about exploiting.
Thank you for your help and advice in advance.
Everything else in your proof looks correct to me.
– Elie Belkin Sep 04 '21 at 09:09