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In my work, I've proved that the period of the pattern is 20, and so you can state that $[F_{[n]_{20}}]_5$ is equal to $[F_n]_5$. But this is still a recursive description of the pattern right? Is there any way that I can describe the pattern without using recursion?

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One could use the methods explained in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_difference_equation , but work in the field of residues modulo $5$, which I will call $\mathbb Z_5$. In this field, the characteristic polynomial of the Fibonacci sequence:

$$x^2-x-1$$

has a double zero $x=3$, so the general solution of the Fibonacci recurrence relation in $\mathbb Z_5$ is:

$$F_n=(a+bn)\cdot 3^n$$

Tailoring $a,b$ to the initial conditions $F_0=0, F_1=1$ yields $a=0,b=2$, so: $F_n=2n\cdot 3^n$, or, back in $\mathbb Z$ we have $F_n\equiv 2n\cdot 3^n\pmod 5$.

  • Could you explain a bit more how you got $$F_n=(a+bn)\cdot 3^n$$ from the characteristic polynomial of the Fibonacci sequence? – VerilyThou Nov 08 '20 at 08:55
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_difference_equation#Solution_with_duplicate_characteristic_roots . $x=3$ is a double zero because $(x-3)^2=x^2-6x+9=x^2-x-1$ if all calculations are done $\pmod 5$. –  Nov 08 '20 at 09:18
  • Also in https://math.stackexchange.com/a/3738076/589 – lhf Nov 13 '20 at 12:28