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When I read proofs about the direction of gradient Why is gradient the direction of steepest ascent?, the top rated answer shows that the direction of grad$(f)$ should be the same as vector $v$ so that $f$ changes fastest along $v$ direction. However since $v$ is arbitrary I don't see why it is the direction for the maximum function increase. Also I was wondering why grad$(f)$ is the same direction as the normal vector instead of tangent vector. Any help or hint is appreciated.

Maskoff
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