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The question is the following:

Can you deduce if ${2x + 1}$ is invertible in $\mathbb{Z}_3[x]/(x^2 + 2x + 2)$? In case of a positive answer, give its inverse.

Following the Wilson's theorem, for $K[X]/(f)$, any polynomial of degree $1 \leq deg < n$ will admit an inverse of degreee $1 \leq deg \leq n$ mod $f$. Since $n = 3$ because I'm working on $\mathbb{Z}_3$ and $deg = 2$, I guess $2x+1$ is irreductible in this case.

Once I want to find the inverse I've been following this post. The table using Euclidean algorithm is the following:

\begin{array}{r|r|r|r} & & (x+\frac{3}{2})/2 & (2x+3)/5 \\\hline 1 & 0 & 1 & -(2x+3)/5\\\hline 0 & 1 & -\big(\dfrac{x}{2} + \dfrac{3}{4}\big) & \dfrac{x^2}{5} + \dfrac{3x}{5} + \dfrac{29}{20}\\\hline x^2+2x+2 & 2x+1 & 5/4 & 0 \end{array}

So, finding the lineal combination I obtain this result:

$\dfrac{5}{4} = 1\times(x^2 +2x +2) - \big(\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{3}{4}\big)\times(2x+1)\xrightarrow{}\dfrac{5}{4} = f(x) - \big(\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{3}{4}\big)g(x)$,

Here is where I get stuck. I let 1 on the left side so I have the following result:

$1 = \bigg(\dfrac{4}{5}\bigg)(x^2+2x+2)- \bigg(\dfrac{2x}{5}+\dfrac{3}{5}\bigg)(2x+1)$

But once I arrive here I don't know how to get the value of the inverse.

Can anyone help me? Thank you very much.

My result, which I'm not absolutely sure is that the inverse of $2x+1$ is:

$-\big(\dfrac{2x}{5}+\dfrac{3}{5}\big)$ mod $x^2+2x+2$.

In the remote case it's correct, is there any way to get the final value instead of letting it in function of mod $f$?

Thank you again.

Bernat

Community
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Bernat Pedrol Vozmediano
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3 Answers3

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Note that $-\frac15 = 1$ in $\Bbb Z_3$, and $3 = 0$, so your inverse candidate is equal to $2x$. And we can just check whether this is in fact an inverse, using that $3 = 0$ and $x^2 = x+1$: $$ 2x\cdot (2x+1) = 4x^2 + 2x = 4(x+1) + 2x\\ = 6x + 4 = 1 $$ So yes, that is indeed the inverse you're looking for.

Arthur
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  • Wow dude! I can't say anything but thank you. I didn't notice that equivalences in $\mathbb{Z}_3$. Thank you very much :) – Bernat Pedrol Vozmediano Nov 05 '19 at 11:33
  • @BernatPedrolVozmediano Taking the negative of a number is the same as multiplying by $-1$, and dividing by $5 = -1$ is the same thing. So taking the negative and dividing by $5$ cancel, and we get $-\frac15 = 1$. – Arthur Nov 05 '19 at 11:59
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Hint: $0=x^2 + 2x + 2$ implies $0 = 2x^2+4x+4 = 2x^2+x+1 = x(2x+1)+1$

lhf
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Since $\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z}$ is a field, we know that $\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z}[x]$ is an Euclidean domain with norm, $\deg f(x)$.

From now, I'll have worked with your example. We can find $p(x), q(x) \in \mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z}[x]$ which satisfies $$ (x^2+2x+2) p(x) + (2x + 1)q(x) = 1 $$

It holds if $p(x) = 2, q(x) = -x$.

It means that $$ (2x + 1)(-x) \equiv 1 \mod x^2+2x +2 $$

ChoMedit
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