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Theorem 5.25 in Edwin, Hewitt Abstract Harmonic Analysis Part 1, says if $H$ is a subgroup of a topological group $G$ and $H$ and $G/H$ are compact (resp. locally compact), then so is $G$.

For my purpose I can assume topological groups to be Hausdorff, if necessary. My question is does this property extends to weaker forms of compactness, like pseudocompact or quasicompact (if every covering of G by co-zero sets admits a finite subcovering). Is such a result already known to be true or false? If not which way should I look for? Any help is appreciated.

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Yes for pseudocompact, e.g. It's a so-called three-space property according to the references and introduction of this paper by Tkachenchko and Bruguera.

Quasicompactness is not considered there. (Normally we only consider Hausdorff/$T_0$ groups and then there is no difference between compact and quasicompact.

Henno Brandsma
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