How can I approach this question in other way without proving that $p(x)=x$ is a unique solution? $p(x^2+1)=(p(x))^2 +1$

Question

If $p(x)$ is polynomial such that $$p(x^2+1)=(p(x))^2 +1$$ and $p(0)=0$ then $p'(0)$ is equal to _____.

Attempt

While looking on it and putting $x=0$ I got $p(1)=1$ and also the equation given had also the similar form (in comparison) of $$y^2+1=(y^2)+1$$. So, I put this polynomial in test and found that it satisfies this as $p(x^2+1)=x^2+1$ and and $p(x)=x$ and hence it satisfied for every real x and so $p'(0)=1$. But I was not able to progress in the direction of correct solving.

Also, the given related problem is there on this site but, I have not been taught the coefficient determination and hence that answer there is out of my scope for now. But,I think there is this derivative method which I am currently learning and can understand about it.So, I would like to know how to approach this in derivative method and also if there is any other easier way without proving $p(x)$ to be the unique solution.

Also, it may happen that if any other exists,then many persons will get to know about the new method. It will be more helpful to them and me inlcuded.

So, is there any hints or suggestions on this problem?

Thanks for the help!

Apparently $p(x)=x$ is a solution, and then $p'(0)=1$. The phrasing of the question implies that $p'(0)$ is uniquely determined by the given functional equation, and so $p'(0)=1$ is the answer. — Servaes, Feb 20 '19 at 14:01
@daw It's not immediately obvious how that helps, as inserting $x = 0$ into that relation just tells us that $0 =0$. So why don't you flesh it out a bit and make an actual answer out of it? — Arthur, Feb 20 '19 at 14:02
Related: Determine all real polynomials with $P(0)=0$ and $P(x^2+1)=(P(x))^2+1$ — Martin R, Feb 20 '19 at 14:02
@Servaes: Related (and perhaps useful), but not necessarily a duplicate. There might be an easier proof of $p`(0)=1$, without showing first that $p(x)=x$ is the only solution. — Martin R, Feb 20 '19 at 14:09
Taking derivatives of the functional equation only leads to $p'(1) = p'(0)^2$, which also follows by comparing coefficients. — daw, Feb 20 '19 at 15:16
@daw can you please elaborate? I am only getting 0=0 after derivative taking and putting x=0. — jayant98, Feb 20 '19 at 15:44
you can divide the derivative equation by $2x$ then pass to the limit $x\to0$. — daw, Feb 20 '19 at 17:01
Please review it, I have asked for methods other than proving that $p(x) =x$ will be the only solution for above problem. — jayant98, Feb 21 '19 at 19:58
@daw: I don't yet see how that works out. But the question has been reopened, so you can add an answer if you like! — Martin R, Feb 22 '19 at 06:22

score 1 · Answer 1 · edited Jun 12 '20 at 10:38

The value of $p'(0)$ cannot determined uniquely unless we utilize the information that $p$ is polynomial critically at some point. Indeed,

Claim. For any $c \in [0, \infty)$, there exists a smooth function $p : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that

$$p(x^2 + 1) = p(x)^2 + 1, \qquad p(0) = 0, \qquad p'(0) = c. $$

Because the proof is rather technical and I do not want to digress, let me skip the full proof. But the idea is that, starting with any function $p_0 : [0, 1) \to [0, 1)$ with $p_0(0) = 0$, we can define $p$ on $[0, \infty)$ by

$$ p(x) = \big(f^{\circ n} \circ p_0 \circ f^{\circ(-n)} \big)(x), \qquad \text{if} \quad x \in \big[ f^{\circ n}(0), f^{\circ(n+1)}(0) \big)$$

and then extend to all of $\mathbb{R}$ by the relation $p(-x) = -p(x)$.

That said, one must take advantage of the fact that $p$ is polynomial. But since the derivative method does not distinguish polynomials from other smooth functions, I see no easy way of utilizing this method to solve OP's problem other than showing $p(x) = x$ first.

In this regard, let me introduce a solution which relies on the following simple fact:

Lemma. If $q$ is a polynomial which has infinitely many zeros, then $q(x) = 0$ for all $x$.

Now define $x_0 = 0$ and $x_{n+1} = x_n^2 + 1$. Then we can inductively prove that $p(x_n) = x_n$. Indeed, this is true for $n = 0$ by the assumption. Moreover, if $p(x_n) = x_n$ is true for $n$, then

$$ p(x_{n+1}) = p(x_n^2 + 1) = p(x_n)^2 + 1 = x_n^2 + 1 = x_{n+1}. $$

Then applying Lemma to the polynomial $p(x) - x$, which has infinitely many zeros $x_0, x_1, \cdots$, we conclude that $p(x) = x$ and hence $p'(0) = 1$. $\square$.

Nice.... shows that it's unlikely there is an elementary solution that avoids showing $p(x)=x$, but more importantly, shows that proving $p(x)=x$ is itself simple and short and only needs knowing that a (non-$0$) real polynomial has only finitely many roots (no calculus nor coefficient calculations are needed) — Ned, Feb 22 '19 at 16:32
@Ned, That's how I believe so. Indeed, the derivative method is not quite suited for distinguishing polynomials from other smooth functions, so I can hardly think of any easy solution in this direction. — Sangchul Lee, Feb 22 '19 at 16:35

score 0 · Answer 2 · answered Feb 20 '19 at 14:20

Of course the link proposed as a duplicate solves this.

a more advanced perspective
There are very limited possibilities where two polynomials commute under composition (in characteristic zero).

Note that $S(x):=x^2+1$ is not conjugate to the degree $2$ Chebyshev polynomial. Therefore, the only polynomials that commute with $S$ under composition are the compositional powers $S^{[n]}$, $n=0,1,2,\cdots$. The only compositional power $p$ with $S^{[n]}(0)=0$ is $S^{[0]}$ (the constant terms increase with $n$). So $p(x) = x$.

score 0 · Answer 3 · answered Feb 22 '19 at 06:31

The derivative of $p$ satisfies the equation $$ p'(x^2+1)\cdot 2x = 2p(x)p'(x). $$ Dividing by $2x$, and passing to the limit $x\to 0$ we get $$ p'(1) = p'(0)^2, $$ because $p(x)/x \to p'(0)$ for $x\to0$.

I do not see how to obtain $p'(0)$ without proving $p(x)=x$. The relation $p'(1) = p'(0)^2$ can also be obtained by comparing the polynomial coefficients in the original function equation.

How can I approach this question in other way without proving that $p(x)=x$ is a unique solution? $p(x^2+1)=(p(x))^2 +1$

3 Answers3