As you get serious with math the first order of business is to learn some set theory and get $\mathbb N$ going with addition and multiplication. Then you will usually learn Euclidean division. Next you will learn how to use exponents.
But hold on a second! You can get some abstract stuff going without even knowing how to represent integers using a base!
Suppose we have a binary operation $+$ on a set $M$ and have at our disposal the set of $\mathbb Z$ of integers with only the addition operation, and we only have symbols for 5 integers
$\quad \mathbb Z = \{\dots,-n,\dots-2,-1,0,1,2,\dots,n,\dots\}$
Now consider any bijective function $f: M \to M$. A great notation to adopt is $f^{-1}$ is the inverse, $f^{0}$ is the identity, $f^{1} = f$, $f^{2} = f \circ f$, etc. The following expression is well-defined: a $\tag 1 \sum_{k \in F} f^{k} \text{ with } F \text{ a finite subset of } \mathbb Z$
This is a pithy definition of a function that can be made early on.
Are there any introductory or advanced foundational books in math that develop the concept of exponentiating a function before introducing multiplication?