The following is an exercise in Hungerford (Ch. III, ex. 5.6).
Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity. If $f=a_nx^n+\dots+a_0$ is a zero divisor in $R[x]$, then there exists a nonzero $b$ in $R$ such that $ba_n=ba_{n-1}=\dots=ba_0=0$.
I can see for example that $\{g\in R[x]\mid fg=0\}$ is a nonzero ideal, so it contains a nonzero element of smallest degree. But how to show that such an element is actually a constant?