I cannot ensure whether column space of $A^TA$ is the same as $A^T$, if it is, how to prove?
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The key observation is that $N (B)=N (B^TB) $. Then $$R (A^T)=N (A)^\perp=N (A^TA)^\perp=R(A^TA). $$

Martin Argerami
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but why is $N(B) = N(BB^T)$? – Cedric Martens Nov 28 '23 at 04:21
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It's a typo. It should have been $N (B)=N (B^TB) $, which is just $$0=Bx \iff 0=(Bx)^TBx.$$ – Martin Argerami Nov 28 '23 at 09:01