Let there be a function $N:R\setminus\{0\}\to \mathbb N_0$ such that for all $a,b\in R$, $b\neq 0$ there exist $q,r\in R$ such that $$a = qb+r,\ r = 0\ \text{or}\ N(r)< N(b)$$
and define $N'\colon R\setminus\{0\}\to \mathbb N_0$ with $N(a) = \min_{x\in R\setminus\{0\}}N(ax).$
First note that this function is well defined because $\mathbb N_0$ is well ordered. Furthermore, let $a,b\in R\setminus \{0\}$ and let $x\in R\setminus\{0\}$ such that $N'(ab) = N(abx)$. Then, $$N'(a) \leq N(abx) = N'(ab).$$
Now let us see what you did. You found $x$ such that $N'(a) = N(ax)$. Why? And how? First of all, $a$ might be $0$ and $N(ax)$ not even defined. And even if $a\neq 0$ and $N(ax)$ is defined, how does $N'(a)$ help you prove that $N'(r)<N'(b)$? There is nothing to connect those.
Instead, let us do more reasonable thing, let $x\in R\setminus\{0\}$ be such that $N'(b) = N(bx)$ and let $q$ and $r'$ in $R$ such that $$ax = q(bx) + r',\ r' = 0\ \text{or}\ N(r') < N(bx).$$
If $r' = 0$, we are done, since $ax = q(bx)$ implies $a = qb$ (we are in integral domain). If not, define $r = a - qb$. Obviously, $a = qb + r$ and $r' = rx$. Finally,
$$N'(r)\leq N(rx) = N(r') < N(bx) = N'(b).$$