This problem is inspired by this work, which is related to musical applications.
Briefly, given $A(X)=1+X+X^{2^k}$ in $\mathbb{F}_2[X]$, we would like to find the smallest $L$ (and optionally the polynomial $E(X)$ of $\mathbb{F}_2[X]$) such that we have $1+\ldots+X^{L-1}=A(X)E(X)$. The above paper proves, in a rather complex way, that $L=4^k-1$.
Looking at a simpler approach, I observed that in $\mathbb{F}_2[X]/A(X)$, we have $X^{4^k}=1+X^{2^k}=1+1+X=X$, so that we can deduce easily that $L$ divides $4^k-1$.
The question is: how do we prove from here that $L$ is exactly $4^k-1$ ?