The definition of $e$ is if $n$ is equal to $\infty$
By that definition can I algebraic manipulate the equation and say that $r/\infty=e^{(1/\infty)}-1$?
It doesn't quite make sense to divide by $\infty$, but conceptually it's accurate. $$\lim_{x\to\infty} \dfrac{r}{x}=0$$ while $$\lim_{x\to\infty} {e^{\frac{1}{x}}}=1$$
So the expression you have is technically correct, although you should really use limits to express it.
Considering $$A=P\left(1+\frac r n \right)^{nt}$$ take logarithms $$\log(A)=\log(P)+nt \log\left(1+\frac r n \right)$$ When $n$ is large, using equivalents which make $$\log\left(1+\frac r n \right)\sim \frac r n$$ and then $$\log(A)\sim\log(P)+nt\times\frac r n=\log(P)+rt\implies A=Pe^{rt}$$