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I was reading a paper and encountered an integral where the differential, $dx$, was raised to the power $4$. What does this mean? Is this some kind of special integral?

$$\int d^4x$$

sTertooy
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user25907
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  • Can you provide a link to the article? My guess is that the x is a $4$-vector, so $\mathrm{d}^4 \mathbf{x}$ is the $4$-volume element generated by incrementing each component of $\mathbf{x}$ by an infinitesimal amount. –  Dec 27 '16 at 15:39
  • This is most likely referring to the notation $\int d^4x = \iiiint dx_1dx_2dx_3dx_4$. Without more details from the paper, this is my best guess. – user23793 Dec 27 '16 at 15:45
  • Link to the article is https://arxiv.org/pdf/1005.1855v1.pdf – user25907 Dec 27 '16 at 15:53

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