Given a finite group $G$, how can I check whether a finite group $H$ exist, such that $\operatorname{Aut}(H)$ is isomorphic to $G$ ?
Here
http://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Automorphism_group_of_a_group
some automorphismgroups are mentioned. We can see, that for $n\ne 2$ and $n\ne 6$, $S_n$ is equal to its own automorphismgroup.
For every $n$ for which $Z_n^*$ is cyclic , the cyclic group of order $\phi(n)$ is the automorphismgroup of $Z_n$.
But in general, the problem seems to be very difficult.