Consider $R=\mathbb{Z}[x]$. Also let $p$ be a prime. Then we want to find all the prime and maximal ideals of $\mathbb{Z}[x]$. The prime ideals are $(0), (p), (x)$ and $(ap + bx)$. Then we see that the last one contains all the previous ones making it a maximal ideal for $\mathbb{Z}[x]$. Is this the correct way to think about it?
Also, since $(ap + bx)$ is a maximal ideal this means that $R/$(ap + bx)$ is a field. How can I see that this quotient is indeed a field?
Finally, how could I find the same for $\mathbb{Q}$ and then for a generic $k$?