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Let $X\subset\mathbb{P}^n$ be a complete intersection defined by irreducible polynomials $f_1,...,f_k$ of degrees $d_1,...,d_k$. How to show that the normal bundle of $X$ is isomorphic to $\bigoplus\limits_{i=1}^k\mathcal{O}_X(d_i)$?

mahavishnu
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2 Answers2

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By definition, the normal bundle is $(\mathscr I/\mathscr I^2)^\vee$, where $\mathscr I$ is the ideal sheaf of $X$.

Since $X$ is a complete intersection, the ideal sheaf $\mathscr I$ is resolved by the Koszul complex. I.e., we have an exact sequence of the form $$ 0 \to \mathscr K \to \bigoplus_{i,j} \mathscr O(-d_i-d_j) \xrightarrow{\varphi} \bigoplus \mathscr O(-d_i) \to \mathscr I \to 0. $$

Where $\varphi$ is multiplication by the vector $(f_1,\ldots, f_n)$. We have that $\mathscr I / \mathscr I^2 \simeq \mathscr I \otimes_{\mathscr O_{\mathbb P^n}} \mathscr O_X$. Thus, tensoring the above sequence with $\mathscr O_X$ we get

$$ \mathscr K \otimes \mathscr O_X \to \bigoplus_{i,j} \mathscr O_X(-d_i-d_j) \xrightarrow{\varphi} \bigoplus \mathscr O_X(-d_i) \to \mathscr I/\mathscr I^2 \to 0. $$

But the middle map $\varphi$ is zero in $\mathscr O_X$. Hence $$ \bigoplus \mathscr O_X(-d_i) \simeq \mathscr I/\mathscr I^2. $$

Dualizing, we get the result.

Fredrik Meyer
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  • This argument with Koszul complex seems nice. Thank you. – mahavishnu Dec 06 '15 at 23:04
  • Dear @Fredrik Meyer, sorry for my late reply, could you kindly tell me where can I find the fact that you have mentioned $\mathscr I / \mathscr I^2 \simeq \mathscr I \otimes_{\mathscr O_{\mathbb P^n}} \mathscr O_X$? I really appreciate it. – Invariance Nov 22 '20 at 14:54
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    @Steve Hi! This is based on the local fact that if $B=A/I$, then $I/I^2 \simeq I \otimes_B B$ as $B$-modules. To prove it, looks at $I \otimes B \to I/I^2$ given by $i \otimes b \mapsto ib$. First, check that it is well-defined. – Fredrik Meyer Nov 24 '20 at 15:25
  • Dear @FredrikMeyer, thanks for your help. – Invariance Nov 25 '20 at 00:24
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Since every $f_i$ is a section in $H^{0}(\mathbb{P}^n,\mathcal{O}(d_i))$, denote $F=\oplus{f_i}$ the section in $\oplus\mathcal{O}(d_i)$, obviously $Z(F)=X$. Now restric $dF$ to $\mathcal{T}_{\mathbb{P}^n}|_X$, we get an exact sequence: $$ 0\to\mathcal{T}_X\to\mathcal{T}_{\mathbb{P}^n}|_X\to\oplus\mathcal{O}_X(d_i)\to0 $$ Compare with

$$ 0\to\mathcal{T}_X\to\mathcal{T}_{\mathbb{P}^n}|_X\to N\to0 $$

Alan Zhang
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