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I know that this question had already been asked here but there is a problem ... all the proofs that I've seen used homeomorphisms and continuous functions. Well my teacher didn't teach me what a homeomorphism is so I cannot use the concept.

The question is:

Show that the product of connected sets $A$ in $X$ and $B$ in $Y$ is connected for the product topology. Hints: a) If $b$ belongs to $Y$, the product $A\times\{b\}$ is connected b) Using a), the product $A\times B$ is connected

Well, my try: I know that $A\times B$ is connected if the only partition of the set is the trivial. But I don't know how to relate this with the hints ... Can somebody give me more hints, please?

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pipita
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  • I don't know the answer outright, but assume you do have a disconnection. Can you somehow prove that this induces a disconnection of $A$ or $B$? – Rocket Man Nov 08 '15 at 18:19
  • You mean by mathmatical absurd? Because I think that it's not suppose to use that...i's suppose to prove with the hints given by the teacher – pipita Nov 08 '15 at 18:31
  • I think any way about this will at least smuggle in homeomorphisms by some sort of backdoor trick. – AJY Nov 08 '15 at 18:53
  • So I get the concept of continuous function has been introduced? – celtschk Mar 22 '20 at 08:22

2 Answers2

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Yes, you just need the definition of homeomorphisms to prove the statement. I assume you know this fact 1: Let $S,T$, $S \subset T$ two subset of a topological space $X$, assume that $S$ is connected and $T$ is not connected. If $(U,V)$ is a separation of $T$ then $S \subset U$ or $S \in U$. Here is a proof of the following fact2: Let X and Y two topological spaces, then $X \times Y$ is connected $\Leftrightarrow X,Y$ are connected. $(\Leftarrow)$ suppose that $X,Y$ are connected and $(U,V)$ is a couple of open nonempty sets which unconnect $X \times Y$ which means $X \times Y= U \bigcup V$. Now let $(x_0,y_0) \in U$. The set ${x_0} \times Y$ is connected because it is homeomorphic to $Y$(it is very easy to show!). ${x_0}\times Y$ contains $(x_0,y_0)$ then for fact 1 ${x_0} \times Y \subset U$. On the other hand $\forall y \in Y$, the set $X \times y$ is connected because is homeomorphic to X and contains $(x_0,y) \in U$. Again for fact 1 we can deduct that $X \times y \subset U$. Then $X \times Y= \bigcup_{y \in Y} X \times y \subset U$ $\Rightarrow$ $X \times Y=U$ and $V$ is empty, which is absurd because we supposed that $V$ is nonempty. This contradiction shows that $X \times Y$ can't be unconnected then is connected. $(\Rightarrow)$ Assume that $X \times Y$ is connected, define the canonical projection $\pi: X \times Y \rightarrow X$, $\pi$ is surjective and a continuous map, and for the principal theorem of connection you easily conclude that $X$ is connected. The same reasoning shows that also $Y$ is connected. $\Box$ The principal theorem of connection says that if $X,Y$ are a topological spaces with X connected and $f: X \rightarrow Y$ is a continuous map, then $f(X)$ is connected.

Salvatore
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  • But i cannot use homeomorphisms here – pipita Nov 08 '15 at 20:39
  • Then you can just prove that there is a bijection between those sets so you can identify one with the other – Salvatore Nov 08 '15 at 20:57
  • But there is another way to prove it without functions? (i am asking this because the next chapter that the teacher will teach us is homeomorphism and continuous functions, and I know that he doesnt want us to use functions here) – pipita Nov 08 '15 at 21:34
  • I don't think so. Using the Hints you wrote you should then relate the $x \times X$ to $X$ so I don't see any more other natural way than using functions – Salvatore Nov 08 '15 at 21:38
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Since the 'product of subspaces = subspace of products' (see this), the question boils down to showing that the product of two connected spaces is connected. The answer to that question, using the OP's hints, can be found here.

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