Your proof does not make any sense. How do you conclude $a+b = a+0$, for instance? $b^{2} = 0$ does not imply $b = 0$; consider, for instance $2 \in \mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z}$. Also, your definition of a unit is not correct. A unit is an element of a ring with a multiplicative inverse. If $a$ is a unit, then there exists $u \in R$ such that $au = 1$. $a\cdot 1 = a$ is true for every element of $R$ by the definition of the multiplicative identity in a ring!
However, the proposition given is actually a special case of a more general fact: if $R$ is a commutative ring and $a$ is a unit and $b$ is nilpotent, then $a+b$ is a unit.
Here is my hint in your case:
Consider $(a+b)(a-b) = a^{2}-b^{2} = a^{2}$. Since $a$ is a unit, can you use this to construct an inverse to $(a+b)$?