-1

While trying to translate the German text in the following image, I was struck by the fact that some words are capitalized which wouldn't be capitalized in English.

image

The words in question are:

  • Interesse (interest)

  • Bruchstück (fragmentary)

  • Schluss (ending; closing)

  • Bestand (ingredients?)

Is this an idiosyncrasy unique to this author, or a feature common to older German texts (as I believe it is in older English texts), or are the rules for capitalization different in German?

Wad Cheber
  • 463
  • 1
  • 4
  • 11
  • 2
    Related: http://german.stackexchange.com/questions/172 (about the history of the noun capitalization rule) – chirlu Aug 09 '15 at 08:19
  • 11
    Did you ask Google? The very first paragraph in the very first link that Google gave me for "German capitalization", tells me that "all nouns are capitalized in German". – Em1 Aug 09 '15 at 09:05
  • 4
    @Em1: I feel that this question is of so high general interest that it belongs into every repository of information about the German language, including ours, irrespective of how easy it would be to Google an answer. Furthermore, regarding the "general reference" clause, it is relevant for people who aren't learning German and hence don't have access to a grammar. – chirlu Aug 09 '15 at 09:57
  • 5
    You did not find any modern German texts to check if they also have so many capitalisations? ;) – Carsten S Aug 09 '15 at 17:44
  • 3
    It's probably one of the most basic questions ever but objectively speaking it should stay open and it does NOT deserve 4 downvotes. Downvotes are not a measure for a "duh"-factor. – Emanuel Aug 09 '15 at 22:36
  • @CarstenS - I'm not in the habit of owning books written in languages I don't speak. Since I don't know German, if I found a text online I would have to translate it word for word in Google translate, and try to figure out which meanings were applicable. – Wad Cheber Aug 09 '15 at 23:02
  • 5
    @Emanuel it's a valid, and maybe even interesting question, but it hits smack in the middle of "This question does not show any research effort", which is the primary criterion for a downvote. (Partial quote taken from the tooltip of the downvote button, emphasis mine.) I'm torn on what to do with it. – hiergiltdiestfu Aug 14 '15 at 11:58
  • @hiergiltdiestfu... that's a very slippery slope. If I were to vote based on this I would vote close for a whole lot of questions because you can find the answer with just one google search. – Emanuel Aug 14 '15 at 12:08
  • 1
    @Emanuel you are right (even if I didn't say anything about vote to close, which is something entirely unrelated to downvoting in my opinion). I think the central issue is that a language SE is quite a world apart from SO, where all the rule templates are coming from. It may be debatable as to what extent the default SO criteria for downvoting should apply here on deSE. If you are interested in exploring this point, you could move this discussion to the deSE Meta? – hiergiltdiestfu Aug 14 '15 at 12:14
  • Does capitalisation work differently in language X than in language Y? Of course it does, they are two different languages … – Jan Aug 29 '15 at 00:59

3 Answers3

15

Yes, the rules of capitalization are different.

In English, only the beginning of sentences as well as proper names (of people, of organisations, of "special things" such as specific celebrations, e.g. "Christmas") are generally capitalized.

In German (not only in older text, but also according to the contemporary spelling rules), all of these are capitalized, and in addition, all nouns are capitalized.

The respective statement in Duden is:

Die Grundregel lautet, dass Substantive (Nomen, Hauptwörter), Satzanfänge und Eigennamen mit großem Anfangsbuchstaben geschrieben werden.

in English:

The basic rule requires that nouns, beginnings of sentences, and proper names be written with a capital first letter.

As chirlu correctly pointed out, some words that are considered names in English are not considered names in German, however. Notably, this includes toponyms - names of countries and continents ("Frankreich", "Afrika") are capitalized in German when they are used like nouns, but for no other reasons; the adjectives derived from them are not capitalized in German ("französisch", "afrikanisch"). Especially for some toponyms (generally only used on the levels of federal states or smaller), on the other hand, there is a specific form of adjectives that are capitalized, which is created by using the toponym + "er", as in "Berliner Bär", "Reutlinger Ladenstraße".

In your text excerpt, the noun "Text" is an additional example for a word whose English counterpart ("text") would be written with a small letter.

Community
  • 1
O. R. Mapper
  • 8,697
  • 24
  • 38
  • 1
    Note, however, that there are some differences in what is considered a name (and hence capitalized). In particular, adjectives such as englisch (English) or deutsch (German) are not capitalized, unlike in English. Unless they are used as nouns, of course: die Deutschen. And there are some special cases, too. – chirlu Aug 09 '15 at 08:00
  • @chirlu: I knew there was some exception. I just couldn't remember what it was ;) Thanks, added the respective remark! – O. R. Mapper Aug 09 '15 at 08:03
  • The exception to the exception, of course, is adjectives derived from toponyms using -er: Schweizer Berge (Swiss mountains), Berliner Straßen (Berlin roads). I can't agree with the statement that Afrika are capitalized in German because they are nouns, but for no other reasons, though: Family names, e.g., are definitely names, but adjectives derived from them are generally lowercased. – chirlu Aug 09 '15 at 08:11
  • @chirlu: True, I always find it counterintuitive to consider that officially, names are not supposed to be a subset of nouns, but according to official rules, you are right. Changed my answer accordingly. – O. R. Mapper Aug 09 '15 at 08:19
  • Thanks! I had assumed that "Amélineau's Text" was a reference to a specific book by Amélineau. – Wad Cheber Aug 09 '15 at 08:39
  • An important question, however, is what exactly is a noun (Nomen)? Sadly, orthography reformers couldn’t agree on a good definition for it. It’s not a lexical (paradigm) category, however, because that would be Substantiv which are almost always used as nouns and hence appear with uppercase initial letter in a lexicon. The noun is rather a syntactical (item) category: It’s the head of a nominal phrase ‘NP’ (i.e. something which may be referenced by or replaced by a proper pronoun), which is opening another can of worms. – Crissov Aug 13 '15 at 10:39
  • @Crissov: I suggest you ask that in a separate question. Personally, I cannot answer that inquiry, as for all my life in Germany since elementary school, I was taught that "Nomen", "Substantiv", "Hauptwort" and "Namenwort" are four absolute synonyms for precisely the same part of speech. – O. R. Mapper Aug 13 '15 at 10:44
  • @O.R.Mapper I would ask, but since linguists don’t agree – and teachers cannot be expected to know any better – it would probably be closed as opinion-based. Every grammar book has to make abundantly clear what exactly is considered a “noun” etc. therein. Each definition may prove to be more useful for a particular purpose. – Crissov Aug 13 '15 at 10:54
4

All nouns in German are capitalized.

Interesse - interest

Bruchstück - snippet / shard

Schluss - ending / conclusion

Bestand - collection / population / etc.

These are all nouns, so they should be capitalized as such. :)

Sydney Maples
  • 139
  • 3
-2

All nouns in German are capitalized. Well, almost all:

  1. i-thingies (z.B. der iPod, das iPad,...)
  2. die taz (die Tageszeitung).

are not.

Community
  • 1
c.p.
  • 30,753
  • 21
  • 105
  • 229
  • 2
    These are rather product names than nouns. Yes, they denote nouns, and yes, names are generally spelled with capital first letters, but these are examples for writing product names in the way their owner intended them to be, not for non-capitalized nouns. – Guntram Blohm Aug 14 '15 at 22:44
  • @GuntramBlohm Product names are nouns. They are not interjections, they are not articles, not conjunctions, not prepositions, ..., they are nouns. – c.p. Aug 15 '15 at 03:42
  • 1
    They actually are trade names used almost iconically and therefore spelled as the trade mark owner wants it. Other examples: WordPress (camel case). And yes, they are nouns. – Ralph M. Rickenbach Aug 18 '15 at 04:12