Relativization results in class separation

Question

We know that $P\neq NP$ problem cannot be demonstrated by relativization because there exists oracle relative to which they are equal.

Is there natural complexity classes that has been shown to be equal but are separate under some oracle?

Answer 1

Yes, check out the classes IP (interactive polynomial time) and PSPACE (polynomial space).

In 1988, Fortnow and Sipser [1] showed that these two classes have contradictory relativizations, that is, there exist oracles $A$ and $B$ ($A$ can be chosen to be $\text{PSPACE}$ itself) such that $$\text{IP}^A = \text{PSPACE}^A\text{, and}$$ $$\text{IP}^B \neq \text{PSPACE}^B .$$

Later, Shamir [2] showed that $\text{IP} = \text{PSPACE}$.

Chang et al. furthermore showed that for a random oracle $A$, $\text{IP}^A \neq \text{PSPACE}^A$ [3]. See ibid. for a nice introduction and overview. This result actually disproves the Random Oracle Hypothesis which states that

the relationships between complexity classes which hold for almost all oracles must also hold in the unrelativized case [3].

References

[1] Fortnow, L. & Sipser, M., Are there interactive protocols for co-NP languages?, Inform. Process. Lett. 28, No. 5 (1988), 249-251.

[2] Shamir, A. IP = PSPACE, in "Proceedings, IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1990," pp. 11-15.

[3] Chang, R., Chor, B., Goldreich, O., Hartmanis, J., Håstad, J., Ranjan, D., & Rohatgi, P. (1994). The random oracle hypothesis is false. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 49(1), 24-39.