The string $0^{3p}$ can always be pumped so that it stays in $L$. Recall what the pumping lemma says: there exists a $p \in \mathbb{N}$ such that any $w \in L$ of size at least $p$ can be written as $w=uvxyz$ such that $|vxy| \leq p$, $|vy| \geq 1$ and $uv^ixy^iz \in L$ for all $i \in \mathbb{N}$. In your case, we can choose $u = x = y = \epsilon$ and $v=0^3$, and then $uv^ixy^iz = 0^{3(p-1+i)} \in L$, and so no contradiction can be obtained using the word $0^{3p}$.
In order to prove using the pumping lemma that $L$ is not regular, you need to come up with a word $w$ so that for every possible decomposition $w = uvxyz$ such that $|vxy| \leq p$ and $|vy| \geq 1$, there exists some $i \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $uv^ixy^i z \notin L$. For your word $w$ this is not the case, since the decomposition indicated above is "bad". While you are free to choose $w$, you are not free to choose the decomposition $w = uvxyz$; your argument should work for all possible decompositions.
In fact, the word $w = 0^{3p}$ doesn't even help in showing that $L$ is not regular; we can choose the decomposition $w = xyz$ with $x = \epsilon$ and $y = 0^3$, and then $xy^i z = 0^{3(p-1+i)} \in L$.
The root cause of all these problems is that $L \cap 0^* = \{0^n : 3|n\}$, which is regular. So you have to look at a word which contains both $0$s and $1$s.