This question may seem related to this one, but it is not the same.
Let's suppose I take 1GiB of data, encrypt the data with a (secure) block cipher and apply the Vigenère key, being the key much smaller than the ciphertext data (let's say, 512KiB), repeating the key hundreds/thousands of times over the plaintext.
In this case, will the adversary be able to recover the key and decrypt all the ciphertext?