I would like to plug in a 3.5 mm cable to the output jack of the electronic drum kit and connect the other end to my computer to record the drum kit’s sound.... This was possible with my very old 2009 white MacBook. Can this be done in the newer models?
Emphasis mine
You can’t. The audio jacks on all new Mac computers are microphone inputs and not line inputs, though they support line out. The latest MacBook Pro (as of this edit) has a headphone port, but no indication of a line in.
3.5 mm headphone jack with advanced support for high-impedance headphones
Microphone versus Line Inputs
The key differentiation between mic and line signals is the voltage. Microphone voltage is extremely tiny (millivolts) where line level input is about 1 1/4 volts. Macs aren’t recording/pre-amp devices and do not contain the necessary components to raise the voltage to line level.
The thread you referenced is about the TRRS jack or Tip, Ring, Ring, Sleeve and these are typically used in telco, not pro audio (yes, you can get very good quality sound from them, but they’re never found in even the smallest recording studio). The cable, was just a "breakout" that separated the headphone (out) from the microphone (in) connectors. It never converted a signal to line level.
I realize the proper way of doing this would be to get an audio
interface, but I don't want to invest in one just yet.
Yes. However a simple audio mixer that handles mic, line, and instrument (what you need for your drum kit) that also includes a monitor port can be had quite inexpensively.