As for uninstalling apps, I don't think so. Standard apps (ones that don't use root access) have at most three parts:
A single executable file
A .apk
archive containing the entire app -- similar to Windows apps that are entirely contained in a .exe
file (like most installers: It not only carries all the code it needs but also all pictures, config files it needs, etc.)
It is stored in /data/app
usually
A single folder containing all userdata
This is for things like settings storage, or caches
Although this is comparable to yoir appdata
folder it doesn't get cluttered because apps are only allowed a single folder here that is managed completely by the system and is easily deleted when uninstalled
Stored in /data/data
Possibly another folder in /sdcard/Android/data
- Basically the same as the
/data/data
folder but if the app needs a lot of space for extra files it puts them here
When an app is uninstalled, all these parts are destroyed by the system, so I can't think of anything that would get cluttered but the fragmentation of the sdcard. DO NOT download any defrag apps (I haven't found a single one that wasn't some sort of scam). Instead, get a card reader and defrag it on your PC if need be.
Edit: As suggested by Izzy below, SD Maid is a nice manager/cleaner