Complex towers: $i^{i^{i^{...}}}$

Question

If $w = z^{z^{z^{...}}}$ converges, we can determine its value by solving $w = z^{w}$, which leads to $w = -W(-\log z))/\log z$. To be specific here, let's use $u^v = \exp(v \log u)$ for complex $u$ and $v$.

Two questions:

• How do we determine analytically if the tower converges? (I have seen the interval of convergence for real towers.)
• Both the logarithm and Lambert W functions are multivalued. How do we know which branch to use?

In particular $i^{i^{i^{...}}}$ numerically seems to converge to one value of $i2W(-i\pi/2)/\pi$. How do we establish this convergence analytically?

(Yes, I have searched the 'net, including the tetration forum. I haven't been able to locate the answer to this readily.)

Answer 1

(Edit-version 2)

If you have a base $b$ such that you look at $b^{b^{b^{...}}}$ then find a solution for $t$ such that $b = t^{1/t}$ If you have such a $t$, then look at its logarithm $u = \ln(t)$. If $|u| \le 1$ then the infinite tower is a convergent expression. Note that the function h(x), such that $t = h(b) \to t^{1/t} = b $ is multivalued and you take the principal value) I've made a picture about this "Shell-Thron-region" in the tetration-forum (the picture reflects only the upper halfplane, the full picture is symmetric around the x-axis).

The blue curve indicates the complex bases $b$ on the boundary between convergence and divergence of the resp. infinite powertower. Outside of this curve the powertower diverges. To each point on this curve there is another point $t$ in the complex plane associated (which is on the magenta curve). I connected some example points $b=t^{1/t} $ with a grey line. The yellow curve indicates the points $u$, the logs of the points $t$.

Inside (and on) the yellow circle (with radius 1 ) are all points $u$ whose exponentials $t$ are inside (and on) the magenta curve and whose associated bases $b$ are inside (and on) the blue curve -and thus whose infinite powertower with base b is convergent.
For values $b$ outside the blue curve, the corresponding $t$ are outside the magenta and the corresponding $u$ are outside the yellow curve the infinite powertower diverges.
(Note, that due to the multivaluedness we can have values $u$ and $t$ outside their curves which have corresponding $b$ inside the blue curve, but that doesn't matter for the question since there must then another value $u$ and $t$ inside their curved regions)

Your example is $b=i$, and that value is inside the blue curve, so the infinite powertower is convergent.

Answer 2

You might try using one of the following series expansions:

${a_1}^{{a_2}^{{.^{.^{a_n}}}}} = {\large\rm T}_{k=1}^{n} a_k = \sum_{k_j \ge 0 \atop 1 \le j \le n} \prod_{i=1}^{n}\frac{{(k_{i-1} \ln(a_i))}^{k_i}}{(k_i)!}$

which Barrow (link above) gives a variant of without logarithms, or

$a^{a^{a^{.^{.^{.}}}}} = \exp_a^{\infty}(1) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{\ln(a)^{k}}{k!} (k+1)^{(k-1)} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(a - 1)^{k}}{k!} \sum_{j=0}^{k}\left[{k \atop j}\right] (j + 1)^{(j - 1)}$

which is just a substitution of variables in the Lambert-W series, the second series is just the Stirling transform of the first.